Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. volume4, Articlenumber:151 (2018) Iceland volcano: Naval ships sent to rescue stranded Britons Aircraft carrier and assault ships deployed to boost cross-Channel options for travellers hit by ash cloud flight ban The naval ships. A little over half the respondents indicated they evacuated during the flank (56% A-E; 56% V-E) and summit (54% A-E; 47% V-E) eruptions. Long term responses The ash was dug up from the bottom of rivers to make the rivers deeper. It may also relate to the incessant news broadcasts that some believed exaggerated the level of impacts in the region (Bird et al., 2011, Bird et al., 2018). . This research was conducted in accordance with Human Research Ethics Regulations outlined by the University of Iceland and involved obtaining informed consent from all participants. While authorities were pleased with public response to evacuation orders in 2010, some residents did not evacuate. Communication and risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the changing populations needs. However, experience of an event, either direct or vicarious, can lead people to expect similar impacts from future events. However, the changing social landscape will test this phenomenon. We could not expect our children to stay in the darkness and the hell (A-E). People feeling that they didnt get enough information. We never went, we behaved as we always planned to do, we just stayed at home and everything was ok (V-E). This person believed that the evacuation was necessary and that people should evacuate. Other factors noted by respondents were past experiences relating to the full-scale evacuation exercise practiced in 2006 for a Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009b) and the ongoing meetings right up until the flank eruption began. These kin, friend and community networks not only provide an added element of warning dissemination, but also provide an additional source with whom warning-recipients can verify the legitimacy of information (Lindell and Perry, 2004). Extreme Peril - 2010 Mt- St- Helen's Eruption was released on: USA: 11 March 2010 When did the volcano eruption happen in montserrat? As cloud-based software, Survey Monkey ensures greater access across our research team to the questionnaire and its data for use in future projects, reduces the risk of errors during data entry (when compared for example to manually entering coding into Excel) and allows an easy visualisation for crosschecking each entry to ensure accuracy. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano caused so much trouble to air traffic with its ash plume because of the jagged particles of ash that formed when magma came into contact wi Contributions from the Ash Fall Impacts Working Group, Katharine Haynes, Carolina Garcia Londoo and Gurn Ptursdttir are appreciated in relation to the development of the questionnaire. The Heimaey eruption of 1973 kick-started Iceland's rescue and evacuation framework in earnest, and today the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management oversees these kinds of operations. Aust J Emerg Manag 15:5863, Paton D, Smith L, Daly M, Johnston D (2008) Risk perception and volcanic hazard mitigation: individual and social perspectives. Tierney KJ, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2001) Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and response in the United States. Long and Short term effects on volcanoes: Some short term effects are that the lava and technically burn anything in its path. This area also lies within the western jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. (7 marks) Often causes fires. They are providing food for the. There is no doubt that as the worlds population continues to grow and expand in hazardous environments, so too does our vulnerability to disaster. There is a glacier above the volcano. The ash plume from the eruption reached as high as 7km into the air, and the glass-rich ash caused major disruptions in air travel. (). Respondents businesses related to farming and tourism didnt fare as well. This sentiment was not only directed to children growing up in the suburbs of Reykjavk, but also to the local farming region. This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. In 2010, Iceland became the center of attention the world over. For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). These eruptions, however, did not occur without warning. Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. During these events they were impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and lahars. While the nature of the 2016 project prevented a more broad survey, as that conducted in 2010, it provided an excellent opportunity to exchange and discuss valuable information with authorities in regards to developments in volcanic emergency response strategies on the back of learnings from the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and our survey data. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents levels of trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5458). Natural Hazards Informer, Boulder, Issue 2, Mileti DS, Peek L (2000) The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident. Cite this article. There was hardly any registration of who were where and who were missing (A-E). At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Sigfsdttir ID, Thorlindsson T, Kristjnsson L, Roe KM, Allegrante JP (2009) Substance use prevention for adolescents: the Icelandic Model. The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. A volcanic eruption has started just 19 miles south from Reykjavk, the capital and largest city of Iceland. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 189:3348, Article As discussed elsewhere (e.g., Mileti and Sorensen, 1990), friends, family and neighbours were invaluable in communicating official warnings. Each household was visited at least twice during the day. In comparison, specific migration details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data at a regional level. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. While we are not able to show statistically significant differences between the datasets due to the small size and slightly different nature of the 2008 dataset (e.g., it does not include respondents from Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll), we can present some interesting observations. Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. If a volcanic eruption happens again, they will have better control over the entire air space. Respondents comments to corresponding open questions and during the interviews highlighted the importance of secondary sources of information as a means for residents to confirm the first source of news to evacuate. The day after the eruption we felt the ash come over here and it was completely dark. However, some people viewed their homes as the safest option. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. Report for the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC, Melbourne, Haynes K, Handmer J, Mcaneney J, Tibbits A, Coates L (2010) Australian bushfire fatalities 19002008: exploring trends in relation to the Prepare, stay and defend or leave early policy. On 8 June, 1783, the young country of Iceland - inhabited for less than 1,000 years - had a population of 50,000. In addition to these systems, recent unrest in rfajkull has called for the development of further emergency response plans in South Iceland (Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn, 2017, Hskuldsson, 2015). Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. About them coming with the sirens [makes siren sounds] and taking me I dont mind the eruption but please dont send the police! In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication. I therefore did not evacuate, as I felt safer at home (V-E). 1). Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects: Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll received this second time came from DCPEM/police (50% A-E; 58% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (28% A-E; 8% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 8% V-E). In particular, the regions economic base is evolving from traditional farming practices to one that is increasingly reliant on tourism. a near-term response (Arsenal Match Highlights Today, Minnesota . The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll received came from DCPEM/police (38% A-E; 43% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (31% A-E; 14% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 14% V-E)Footnote 1. And more times than not, their interest is volcanoes as they remember the 2010 eruption in the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Paton D, Johnston DM, Bebbington MS, Lai C-D, Houghton BF (2001) Direct and vicarious experience of volcanic hazards: implications for risk perception and adjustment adoption. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull Volcano burst into life for the first time in 190 years on March 20, 2010. , Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes ( Fig home ( V-E ) is volcanoes they. Afraid or trying to get information about when the next [ eruption ] comes South Icelands,! 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